Since 1990, WHO and UNICEF have teamed up to track progress on global water and sanitation goals through the Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation. The JMP monitors trends in coverage; helps build national monitoring capacity in developing countries; develops and harmonizes questionnaires, indicators and definitions to ensure comparability of data over time and among countries; and informs policy makers of the status of the water supply and sanitation sector worldwide through publications such as this one. The JMP draws guidance from a technical advisory group of leading experts in water supply, sanitation and hygiene, and from institutions involved in data collection and sector monitoring.
Further information about the JMP and its methodology can be found at: www.wssinfo.org.
©UNICEF/HQ02-0352/Giacomo Pirozzi
The JMP database
The JMP database is the source for WHO and UNICEF’s estimates on the use of drinking water and sanitation facilities. The database currently draws upon more than 350 nationally representative household surveys and censuses, double the amount of data that was available for the 2000 monitoring report. The surveys include the UNICEF-supported Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, the USAID-supported Demographic and Health Surveys, the World Bank’s Living Standard Measurement Surveys and, most recently, WHO’s World Health Surveys.
The JMP assembles, reviews and assesses household survey and census data. A rigorous review process, based on a set of objective criteria, ensures that only reliable data are included in the database.
The shift from provider-based to user-based data
Prior to 2000, coverage data were based on information from service providers, such as utilities, ministries and water agencies, rather than on household surveys. The quality of the information varied considerably. Provider based data, for example, often did not include facilities built by householders themselves, such as private wells or pit latrines, or even systems installed by local communities. Governments had their own definitions of improved water supply and sanitation, which would change over time. Therefore comparisons could not be made among countries or for the same country over time. The shift in 2000 to the use of household surveys, and the clarification of definitions, provide a more accurate picture by monitoring the type of services and facilities that people actually use.
Household surveys are usually conducted by national institutes of statistics, carried out by trained national staff who collect information on a wide range of health and living conditions through face-to-face interviews.
Survey and census data are plotted on a time scale from 1980 to the present. Four graphs for each country show both urban and rural coverage for water and for sanitation. A linear trend line, based on the least-squares method, is drawn through these data points to estimate coverage for 1990 and 2002.