ReferenciasLa desnutrición: una emergencia silenciosa 1. Gillespie, Stuart, ?Increased Maternal Mortality Risk’, sección 5.1 en Major Issues in Developing Effective Approaches for the Prevention and Control of Iron Deficiency: An overview prepared for the Micronutrient Initiative and UNICEF, trabajo en preparación, septiembre de 1996 (primer borrador). 2. Draper, Alizon, 'Child Development and Iron Deficiency: Early action is critical for healthy mental, physical and social development’, The Oxford Brief, Opportunities for Micronutrient Interventions, Washington, D.C., mayo de 1997. 3. Banco Mundial, World Development Report 1993: Investing in health, Oxford University Press, Washington, D.C., 1993, p. 77, col. 1. 4. Banco Mundial, Enriching Lives: Overcoming vitamin and mineral malnutrition in developing countries, Banco Mundial, Washington, D.C., 1994, p. 2; 'Total GDP Table 1995', World Development Indicators 1997 (CD-ROM), Banco Internacional para la Reconstrucción y el Desarrollo/Banco Mundial, Washington, D.C., 1997. 5. Draper, Alizon, op. cit., p. 1. 6. Maberly, Glenn F., 'Iodine Deficiency in Georgia: Progress towards elimination, Summary Report’, The Program Against Micronutrient Malnutrition, Atlanta, abril-mayo de 1997, p. 1, col. 3. 7. Martorell, Reynaldo, 'The Role of Nutrition in Economic Development’, Nutrition Reviews, Vol. 54, No. 4, abril 1996, p. S70. 8. Según la terminología internacional recomendada por la OMS, las lecturas que indican tres o más desviaciones estándar de la media referencial (basada en la población de referencia de niños americanos) se denominan “desnutrición grave”, mientras que las que oscilan entre dos y tres desviaciones estándar se denominan “denutrición moderada”. 9. Young, Helen y Susanne Jaspars, Nutrition Matters: People, food and famine, Intermediate Technology Publications, Londres, 1995, p. 17. 10. UNICEF, 'Alimentación, salud y atención’, UNICEF, Nueva York, edición actualizada, noviembre de 1996, p. 13. 11. Draper, Alizon, op cit., p. 1. 12. What Governments Can Do: Seventh annual report on the state of world hunger, Bread for the World Institute, Silver Spring, 1997, p. 8. 13. Ibid., p. 10. 14. Philip, W. et al., 'The contribution of nutrition to inequalities in health’, British Medical Journal, Vol. 314, British Medical Association, Londres, 24 de mayo de 1997, p. 1545.. 15. 'Children at Risk in Central and Eastern Europe: Perils and promises’, Economies in Transition Studies, Regional Monitoring Report, No. 4, UNICEF, Centro Internacional para el Desarrollo del Niño, Florencia, 1997, p. 43. 16. Fogel, Robert W., 'Economic Growth, Population Theory and Physiology: The bearing of long-term processes on the making of economic policy’, The American Economic Review, Vol. 84, No. 3, The American Economic Association, Nashville, junio de 1994, pp. 369-395. 17. Grantham-McGregor, Sally, 'Review of Studies of the Effect of Severe Malnutrition on Mental Development’, The Journal of Nutrition, Supplement, Vol. 125, No. 8S, The American Institute of Nutrition, Bethesda, 1995, p. 2235S. 18. Cole, Michael y Sheila R. Cole, 'Prenatal Development', The Development of Children, Scientific American Books, Nueva York y Oxford, 1989, p. 72. 19. Nash, Madeleine J., 'Fertile Minds', Special Report, Time, Vol. 149, No. 5, 3 de febrero de 1997, p. 52. 20. Landers, Cassie, 'A Theoretical Basis for Investing in Early Child Development: Review of current concepts', Innocenti Global Seminar on Early Child Development, UNICEF, Centro Internacional para el Desarrollo del Niño, Florencia, 1989, p. 4. 21. Hanson, Lars A. et al., 'Effects of breastfeeding on the baby and on its immune system', Food and Nutrition Bulletin, Vol. 17, No. 4, United Nations University Press, Tokio, diciembre de 1996, p. 384. 22. De Zoysa, I., M. Rea y J. Martines, 'Why promote breastfeeding in diarrhoeal disease control programmes?', Health Policy Planning, Oxford University Press, 1991, 6:371-379, tal y como se citó en 'A warm chain for breastfeeding', The Lancet, Vol. 344, No. 8932, 5 de noviembre de 1994, p. 1239. 23. Glick, Daniel, 'Rooting for Intelligence,' Newsweek, Special Edition, Newsweek, Nueva York, primavera/verano de 1997, p. 32. 24. PNUD, Informe sobre el Desarrollo Humano 1997, PNUD, Nueva York, pp. 164-165. 25. UNICEF, WATERfront, Issue 8, UNICEF, Nueva York, agosto de 1996, p. 16. 26. PNUD, Informe sobre el Desarrollo Humano 1997, p. 29. 27. Naciones Unidas, Progress made in providing safe water supply and sanitation for all during the first half of the 1990s: Report of the Secretary-General, United Nations, Nueva York, A/50/213-E/1995/87, 8 de junio de 1995, tabla 1, p. 5. 28. UNICEF, El Progreso de las Naciones 1997, p. 12. 29. Estudio del Departamento de Agricultura de los Estados Unidos (1990) citado en Tufts University, School of Nutrition, Center on Hunger, Poverty and Nutrition Policy, ?Statement on the Link Between Nutrition and Cognitive Development in Children’, 1995, p. 8. 30. Landers, op. cit., p. 7. 31. Naciones Unidas, The World’s Women 1995: Trends and statistics, Estadísticas e indicadores sociales, Serie K, No.12, Naciones Unidas, Nueva York, 1995, p. 108. 32. Holmboe-Ottesen, Gerd, Ophelia Mascarenhas and Margareta Wandel, 'Women's Role in Food Chain Activities and the Implications for Nutrition', ACC/SCN State-of-the-Art Series, Nutrition Policy Discussion Paper No. 4, Naciones Unidas, Nueva York, mayo de 1989, p. 37. Enfoques que han tenido éxito 1. Gillespie, Stuart, John Mason and Reynaldo Martorell, 'How Nutrition Improves', ACC/SCN State-of-the-Art Series, Nutrition Policy Discussion Paper No. 15, Naciones Unidas, Nueva York, julio de 1996. 2. 'International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes', Organización Mundial de la Salud, Ginebra, 1981, pp. 6-7. 3. UNICEF, El Progreso de las Naciones 1997, UNICEF, Nueva York, 1997, p. 21. 4. Micronutrient Initiative, Ottawa, facsímil fechado el 14 de octubre de 1997. 5. Sommer, Alfred et al., 'Impact of vitamin A supplementation on childhood mortality: A randomised controlled community trial’, The Lancet, 198 6. Beaton, G. H. et al., 'Effectiveness of Vitamin A Supplementation in the Control of Young Child Morbidity and Mortality in Developing Countries', ACC/SCN State-of-the-Art Series, Nutrition Policy Discussion Paper No. 13, Naciones Unidas, Diciembre de 1993, p. 61. 7. Ross, David A. et al., 'Vitamin A supplementation in northern Ghana: Effects on clinic attendances, hospital admissions and child mortality', The Lancet, Vol. 342, 3 July 1993, pp. 7- 12. 8. Katz, J. et al., 'Night blindness is prevalent during pregnancy and lactation in rural Nepal', Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, Journal of Nutrition, agosto de 1995. 9. Gillespie, Stuart, John Kevany and John Mason, 'Controlling Iron Deficiency: A report based on an ACC/SCN workshop', Naciones Unidas, Ginebra, febrero de 1991, p. 4. 10. Alnwick, David, 'More for Less in Combating Iron Deficiency? Update on the Effectiveness of Weekly Supplements', Research in Action, No. 2, UNICEF, Nueva York, noviembre de 1995, p. 1; Schultink, W. et al., ?Effect of daily vs. twice weekly iron supplementation in Indonesian preschool children with low iron status’, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 61, American Society for Clinical Nutrition, 1995, pp. 111-115. 11. Layrisse, M. et al., 'Early response to the effect of iron fortification in the Venezuelan population', American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 64, 1996, pp. 905-906. 12. Stoltzfus, R. J. et al., 'Epidemiology iron deficiency in Zanzibari schoolchildren: The importance of hookworms', American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 65, 1997, p. 157. 13. Naciones Unidas, Actividades operacionales para el desarrollo. Progreso hecho a mediados del decenio en la aplicación de las resolución 45/217 de la Asamblea General sobre la Cumbre Mundial en favor de la Infancia. Informe del Secretario General, Naciones Unidas, Nueva York, A/51/256, 26 de julio de 1996, p. 30, para. 130. 14. Lewnes, Alexia, Terapia de rehidratación oral: El elixir de la vida, UNICEF, Nueva York, febrero de 1997, p.3. Lograr que la ciencia rinda frutos 1. Piot, Peter, 'Acción conjunta contra el SIDA’, El Progreso de las Naciones 1997, UNICEF, Nueva York, 1997, p. 23. 2. Dr. Sommer, Alfred y Keith P. West, Jr., Vitamin A Deficiency: Health, survival and vision, Oxford University Press, Nueva York y Oxford, 1996, pp. 41, 48, 66-70. 3. Roy, S. K. et al., 'Impact of a single megadose of vitamin A at delivery on breastmilk of mothers and morbidity of their infants', European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, No. 51, Stockton Press, 1997. 4. 'Zinc for Child Health: Child Health Research Project Special Report', Informe de una reunión, Baltimore, Maryland, 17 al 19 de noviembre de 1996, Vol. 1, No. 1, junio 1997, p. 8. 5. 'Improving Iron and Zinc Nutrition in Infancy and Early Childhood: Proceedings of the Bali Consultation Meeting for the Planning of Multi-Country Iron and Zinc Intervention Trials', en Bali, Indonesia, 4 al 6 de febrero de 1997, UNICEF, 1997, pp. 6-7. 6. Semba, Richard D., 'Will vitamin A supplementation reduce mother-to-child transmission of HIV?' ’ Research in Action, No. 5, UNICEF, Nueva York, julio 1996. 7. Adamson, Peter, 'Un fracaso de la imaginación’, El Progreso de las Naciones 1996, UNICEF, Nueva York, 1996, p. 8. 8. Rasmussen, Kathleen M. and Michelle K. McGuire, 'Effects of breastfeeding on maternal health and well-being', Food and Nutrition Bulletin, Vol. 17, No.4, United Nations University Press, 1996, p. 366. 9. Murray, Christopher J. L. and Alan D. Lopez (eds.), The Global Burden of Disease, Harvard School of Public Health, Cambridge, 1996, pp. 360-367. 10. Barker, David J. P., Mothers, Babies and Disease in Later Life, BMJ Publishing, Londres, 1994. 11. Law, Catherine M. and Alistair W. Shiell, 'Is blood pressure inversely related to birth weight? The strength of evidence from a systematic review of the literature', Journal of Hypertension, Vol. 14, No. 8, 1996, pp. 935-941. 12. Law, C. M. et al., 'Thinness at birth and glucose tolerance in seven-year-old children', Diabetic Medicine, 1995, 12:24-29. 13. Hales, C. N. et al., 'Fetal and infant growth and impaired glucose tolerance at age 64', British Medical Journal, Vol. 303, 26 Oct. 1991, pp. 1019-1022; Phipps, K. et al., ?Fetal growth and impaired glucose tolerance in men and women, Diabetologia, 1993, 36:225-228; McCance, David R. et al., 'Birth weight and non-insulin dependent diabetes: Thrifty genotype, thrifty phenotype, or surviving small baby genotype?', British Medical Journal, Vol. 308, 1994, pp. 942-945. 14. Barker, op. cit.; Hales, C. N. and D. J. P. Barker, 'Type 2 (non-insulin dependent) diabetes mellitus: The thrifty phenotype hypothesis', Diabetologia, 1992, 35:595-601. 15. The Smallest Babies in the World, video, MRC Environmental Epidemiology Unit, Southampton, 1996. 16. A study of maternal nutrition and intrauterine fetal growth, King Edward Memorial Hospital Research Centre Annual Report 1995-1996, KEMHRC, Pune, 1996, p. 36. 17. 'Proceedings of the Third Annual Workshop on the Fetal and Early Origins of Adult Disease', reunión en Khandala, Maharashtra, India, septiembre de 1996, p. 6. 18. Fall, Caroline, Ranjan Yajnik y Shobha Rao, comunicación personal, 1997. 19. McKeigue, P. M., G. J. Miller and M. G. Marmot, 'Coronary heart disease in South Asians overseas: A review', Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, Vol. 42, No. 7, Reino Unido, 1989, pp. 597-609. 20. Entre los 201 niños de 4 años nacidos en Pune con un peso conocido, aquellos que pesaban 2,4 kilogramos o menos al nacer tenían concentraciones medias de glucosa e insulina de 8.1 mM y 321 pM, respectivamente, 30 minutos después de ingerir altas dosis de glucosa; en comparación, los niños con 3 kilos o más tenían concetraciones medias de glucosa de 7.5 mM y un nivel medio de insulina de 289 pM. Obtenido de Yajnik, M. et al., 'Fetal growth and glucose and insulin metabolism in four-year-old Indian children', Diabetic Medicine, Vol. 12, 1995, pp. 330-336. 21. Congdon, N. et al., 'Pupillary and visual thresholds in young children as an index of population vitamin A status', American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 61, The American Society of Clinical Nutrition, mayo de 1995, pp. 1076-1082; Sanchez, A.M. et al., 'Pupillary threshold as an index of population vitamin A status among children in India’, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 65, enero de 1997, pp. 61-66. 22. Mendoza, C. et al., 'Effect of Genetically Modified, Low-Phytate Maize on Iron Absorption from Tortillas', artículo sometido a Experimental Biology ’97 (inédito). |
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