Child protection from violence, exploitation and abuse

Birth Registration

© UNICEF/HQ93-0407/ LeMoyne

A nurse records the footprint of a newborn on a chart in the maternity ward of the Union hospital, Beijing. Peoples Republic of China.

Apart from being the first legal acknowledgement of a child's existence, registration of births is fundamental to the realization of a number of rights and a number of practical needs including:

• Providing access to healthcare.
• Providing access to immunization.
• Ensuring that children enrol in school at the right age.
• Enforcing laws relating to minimum age for employment, assisting efforts to prevent child labour.
• Effectively countering forced marriage of young girls before they are legally eligible, without proof of age.
• Protecting young people from underage military service or conscription.
• Protecting children from harassment by police and other law enforcement officers.
• Securing the child's right to a nationality, at the time of birth or at a later stage.
• Protecting children who are trafficked, including through repatriation and family reunion.
• Getting a passport, opening a bank account, obtaining credit, voting or finding employment.

Most countries have a legal provision for registering births of children within a prescribed period. However, often these laws are not comprehensive enough, are not enforced or do not function. Practical problems also exist such as births which take place in isolated rural locations or away from medical facilities — places where birth registration normally takes place.

Sometimes, there may be a deliberate lack of birth registration, with particular groups excluded. Discriminatory policies intended to minimize the official size of ethnic minorities directly affect the provision of assistance to immigrants. Groups who have been denied the right of birth registration include children of Roma in Central and Eastern Europe, Kurds living in Syria, Tatars in Ukraine and Russians in Estonia and Latvia.

1. UNICEF. Progress for Children. A World Fit for Children Statistical Review (2007)