儿童早期

概述

在越南北部省份河内的玉缕镇，一名妇女背着女儿离开学校回家。

儿童早期的生活对其成长非常关键。如果在早期生活中得到良好的营养和照顾，儿童生存的可能性就大大增加，并能健康成长，更少得病患疾，从而开发思维、语言、情感和社会等技能。然而，全世界超过二亿年龄在五岁以下的儿童仍然没有适当的医疗保健为他们的身心健康和情感安全带来保障。由于身体状况欠佳、营养不良及学习环境贫乏，使儿童得不到及时鼓励和抚育，全世界的许许多多适龄儿童上学晚，在学校的表现欠佳，他们的潜力没有得到充分发挥。这些所造成的后果不仅影响儿童自身的生活，还会影响到家庭、社区及整个国家的发展。造成这些结果的潜在因素是贫穷。

千年发展目标是联合国所有成员国一致同意的，为世界各国政府提供了明确可行的目标，即在2015年之前，战胜贫穷并提高全球人民的生活水平。儿童早期发展是实现这些目标努力的一部分。八项目标中的七项直接与儿童的生存、生长和发展有关。研究已经显示，改善人类发展最有效的干预方式是打破大部分在儿童最早期的生活中开始的贫穷循环。预防问题比在问题发生后再应付可减少更多开支。

儿童早期发展的主要挑战是制定和执行有效的政策，使之接触到所有儿童和家庭并确保儿童在学习前身体健康，发育良好。主要的问题包括：确保性别的社会化、支持父母和家庭并制定有效计划的标准和指数、对儿童早期发展的过程进行监控和文件记录。

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